Acid Throwing as a formidable violence is more common in countries such as India، Bangladesh، Cambodia and Pakistan. There is a close connection between Acid Throwing crime and the social status of women. Regarding the irreparable damage of this crime and، more importantly، destroying the beauty of the victim's face، for some people، it is even heavier than the offense of intentional murder. Since Acid Throwing has been spread in Iran in recent years، a comparative study of punishment of this crime in Iran with these four countries، according to their legal system، appears to be useful. Therefore، type، quality and quantity of punishment and penalizing the criminal can be helpful in better understanding of criminal law، using strengths and covering weaknesses in legislation. According to the results of this study، there is no enough standard law in this country to deter Acid Throwing. Accordingly، its production، distribution and sale should be limited and preventable، and its illegal distribution must be punished. Since Acid Throwing is rarely fatal but causes serious damage to one's appearance and beauty، death penalty is rarely imposed. It is important to note that Acid burn is a lifelong disease therefore criminal must incur all of conventional expenses of victim for a lifetime in addition to the wergild.

One of the new-fangled phenomenon that has impaired the rights and health of women and consequently humanity and security of the society is the heinous act of Acid Throwing on the body and face of women and young girls. Acid violence, as a modern form of violence against women, is considered the reflection of gender inequality and discrimination in society. This act affects not only its victims, but also their family and society. Under Islamic jurisprudence, Acid Throwing falls under Hirabah in terms of type of the weapon and is regarded Corruption on Earth in the view of the act's repetition. Being a kind of gender-based discrimination and violence against women, and consequently breach of their fundamental human rights, this act is forbidden undoubtedly in accordance with International Human Rights Law (IHRL). Accordingly, states must exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish the perpetrators of Acid attacks against women. The present article, through a descriptive-analytic method and by means of content analysis, aims to illustrate the Acid Throwing under Islamic Law and IHRL.

Purpose: Since joint kinesthesia is under the influence of glenohumeral joint capsule and range of motion, and significant capsular laxity and changed range of motion in Throwing shoulder is determinant in their functional and dynamic stability; the objective of this study was to compare Throwing influence on dominant and nondominant shoulder kinesthesia among volleyball, bowling players and nonathlete women before an injury.Methods: This non-experimental, cross sectional study included 45 women in 2 purpose groups of volleyball and bowling players and 1 nonathlete control group, with age range of 20 to 30 years old from the city of Tehran. Their shoulder kinesthesia was measured by Continuous Passive Motion device. For data analysis, descriptive statistic including mean, standard deviation, and for reliability analysis Correlation Coefficient, were performed. Kolmogorov-smirnov and Leven’s tests were performed for assessing the data normality and group variance equality. Chi-square test was used for comparing shoulder kinesthesia between dominant and nondominant sides and also for comparing between groups of volleyball, bowling players and nonathlete control group. Statistical significant was set at a level of p£0.05.Results: Kinesthesia error difference between dominant and nondominant shoulders in all three groups, were not statistically significant (p=0.33). Also, No significant difference was found in comparing shoulder in each group with the same sides of other group (p=0.21 nonathlete and volleyball, p=0.19 nonathlete and bowling, p=0.63 volleyball and bowling).Conclusion: Capsular laxity and changed range of motion in dominant shoulder, probably with produce microtruma, have negative influence on kinesthesia. However, on the other hand repetitive circumduction motions in dominant shoulder cause perceptual learning, therefore, probably has a positive influence on increasing accuracy in signal analyze and improve kinesthesia, hence, counteract the negative influence of capsular laxity and changed range of motion on kinesthesia. Probably, repetitive circumduction motions in rehabilitation can also reciprocate the influence of microtruma that cause stability disorder and pain in dominant shoulder by neuromuscular adaptations and it may not related to the kind of overarm or underarm rotation.

Acid attack is among the crimes for which Qisas is the primary punishment, whether it pertains to the soul, body, or benefit. The necessity of observing the principle of similarity in the implementation of Qisas, juxtaposed with the infeasibility of retribution in instances where there is a risk of excessive harm, has led to significant doubts regarding the applicability of retribution for this crime. Addressing this behavior, which inflicts irreparable physical and psychological harm on the victim, requires the adoption of a prudent and comprehensive criminal policy that emphasizes the severity of punishment and the protection of the victim. In this context, uncertainties surrounding the feasibility of retribution undermine the deterrent objective of this crime.This research analyzes both the material and mental elements of this crime and examines Iran's criminal policy in light of "the Law on Increasing the Punishment of Acid Attacks and Protecting the Victims Thereof" from the perspective of criminal law principles and jurisprudential standards, including the condition of similarity in retribution. Despite the new law's innovations compared to the previous legislation, which align it more closely with Islamic jurisprudence, ambiguities persist regarding the physical behaviors encompassed by this law. There is uncertainty in determining the punishment for the crime of Acid attack and the nature of forgiveness by the next of kin or the victim concerning the Ta'zir punishment for this crime. Furthermore, there is uncertainty regarding the enforceability of retribution for limbs or benefits based on the condition of similarity. It is imperative for the legislature to address these deficiencies.

Ibn Suhayd al-Qurtubi, a native of Cordova, was one of the most important literary men in the Arabic Spain (992-1034). He created several works but most of it didn't reach us except some scattered parts witch is recorded in various books by other authors. Risalat at-Tawabi waz -zawabi is his most famous and important work because the author expressed through it, his literary and critical points of view and this work distinguished by it's fictional frame and imaginary literary debates between he and the other literary men and critics among them poets, writers and Jinns. These distinctions made this work as one of the unique old Arabic stories. In this article we try to study the fictional aspects of this work.

Rosemary plant extract as a natural anti-oxidant is 4 times stronger than synthetic anti-oxidant like BHT and BHA. For this reason, it has been under attention not only for its anti-oxidant properties rather for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-virus properties in different studies. This research investigates the effects of temperature, time, pH, and substance concentration in the labeling of irradiated rosmarinic Acid by radioisotope gallium-67 as a high-resolution imaging agent for SPECT imaging. In this study, gamma irradiated rosmarinic Acid nanoparticles at 20 kGy and 30 kGy levels in two concentrations of 0.5 and 1% were radiolabeled by gallium-67 radioisotope produced in Karaj cyclotron, and their efficiency and radiochemical purity were compared. Labeling conditions (including pH, temperature, time, and compound concentration) were investigated. Quality control was performed by thin-layer chromatography (RTLC). Resulting from the experiments, 30 kGy level and 1% concentration at 45 °C for 30 minutes at pH = 5.5-6 proved to be the best time for labeling rosemary nanoparticles, and the highest radiochemical purity achieved was 95%; radio conjugate also showed good stability after 12 hours.

Acid attacks are crimes against individuals that cause destructive, irreparable, and long-term damage to the victim's body and mind. Scientific confrontation with this behavior requires the adoption of a prudent and comprehensive criminal policy based on the components of the severity of punishment and protection of the victim. The present study, by adopting the descriptive and analytical method and taking into account the law of intensifying the punishment of Acid attacks and supporting the victims of it, and the penal law of Bangladesh and the law on controlling Acid crime, while analyzing the material and spiritual elements of this crime, assesses the criminal policy of these two countries toward this offense. Despite the innovations that Iran's new law has, compared to the previous one, there is still ambiguity in the behaviors covered by this law. This is even though there is no doubt about the two physical behaviors of injecting or feeding Acid to one another in Iranian law, in the criminal policy of Bangladesh, because the Bangladeshi legislator has paid more attention to the criminal outcome by passing examples of physical behavior. In both countries, the crime of Acid attack is tied to the result. The word “Acid” is defined as a means of committing a crime in Bangladesh, while Iran's law does not define this word.

In this investigation, the Throwing patterns variations of children were examined as the resultants of changing in task constraints. A total of 24 children (12 males and 12 females), aged 5 and 6 years old voluntarily participated in the study. The manipulation of task constrains was done via changes in target orientations (horizontal vs. vertical hoops) and ball sizes (6 cm vs. 12 cm diameters) and were considered as the main constraints. The observable Throwing patterns of children were evaluated, and the kinematic changes of the components of their preferred Throwing pattern were analyzed. Though, transitions from two-to one-hand throws and switching from underhand to overhand one-hand throws were observed in the first few trials (mostly in Throwing the bigger balls), yet, the preferred pattern was found to be one-hand overhand Throwing. The kinematic analysis revealed the existence of sensitivity of the backswing, forearm, and upper arm components of overhand one-hand Throwing pattern toward the imposed task constrains. It was also found that most changes took place in the kinematic properties related to the forearm component. The findings represent some empirical evidences for dynamical systems theory to explain changes of movement patterns in motor development. We discussed the potential advantages using constraints for appropriate skill acquisition processes in physical education settings.

Introduction: Hemophilia is one of the most important coagulation disorders. At the present time the current treatment is factor replacement which may lead to many socio-economic problems and also transmission of some viral infections. In this study we evaluate an alternative treatment to factor replacement to decrease the aforementioned problems. Material and Methods: This was an interventional study and the statistical population included all Hemophilia patients that referred to Besat Hospital. They were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group of 13 patients and a control group of 15 patients. Tranexamic Acid was only used for the intervention group (15 patients). Then the data was assessed by spss win software. Results: In the intervention group bleeding episodes were reduced significantly (from 4.07 episodes per month to 3 episodes per month) and so was the need for factor replacement (from 80.1 u/kg/m to 58.7 u/kg/m). In the control group bleeding episodes and the need for factor replacement did not differ prior to and during the study. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that daily prophylactic use of TEA is effective in reducing bleeding episodes and decreasing the need for factor replacement in hemophilia patients. However, due to increased PTT and decreased serum clotting factors in patients, the risk of life threatening bleeding is likely to be high. Thus we don’t recommend the use of TEA as a prophylactic measure in hemophilia.